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# XAM.jl
# <img src="./docs/src/assets/logo.svg" width="30%" align="right" /> XAM.jl
In development: minimal working separation of SAM and BAM from BioAlignments.
[![Project Status: WIP Initial development is in progress, but there has not yet been a stable, usable release suitable for the public.](https://www.repostatus.org/badges/latest/wip.svg)](https://www.repostatus.org/#wip)
[![Latest Release](https://img.shields.io/github/release/BioJulia/XAM.jl.svg)](https://github.com/BioJulia/XAM.jl/releases/latest)
[![MIT license](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-green.svg)](https://github.com/BioJulia/XAM.jl/blob/master/LICENSE)
[![Stable documentation](https://img.shields.io/badge/docs-stable-blue.svg)](https://biojulia.github.io/XAM.jl/stable)
[![Latest documentation](https://img.shields.io/badge/docs-dev-blue.svg)](https://biojulia.github.io/XAM.jl/dev/)
[![Join the chat at https://gitter.im/BioJulia/XAM.jl](https://badges.gitter.im/BioJulia/XAM.jl.svg)](https://gitter.im/BioJulia/XAM.jl)
> This project follows the [semver](http://semver.org) pro forma and uses the [git-flow branching model](https://nvie.com/posts/a-successful-git-branching-model/ "original
blog post").
## Description
XAM provides I/O and utilities for manipulating SAM and BAM formatted alignment map files.
## Installation
The latest version of XAM is made available to install through BioJulia's package registry.
By default, Julia's package manager only includes the "General" package registry.
To add the BioJulia registry from the [Julia REPL](https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1/manual/getting-started/), press `]` to enter [pkg mode](https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1/stdlib/Pkg/), then enter the following command:
```julia
registry add https://github.com/BioJulia/BioJuliaRegistry.git
```
Once the registry is added to your configuration, you can install XAM while in [pkg mode](https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1/stdlib/Pkg/) with the following:
```julia
add XAM
```
If you are interested in the cutting edge of the development, please check out the [develop branch](https://github.com/BioJulia/XAM.jl/tree/develop) to try new features before release.
## Testing
XAM is tested against Julia `1.X` on Linux, OS X, and Windows.
**Latest build status:**
[![Unit tests](https://github.com/BioJulia/XAM.jl/workflows/Unit%20tests/badge.svg?branch=master)](https://github.com/BioJulia/XAM.jl/actions?query=workflow%3A%22Unit+tests%22+branch%3Amaster)
[![Documentation](https://github.com/BioJulia/XAM.jl/workflows/Documentation/badge.svg?branch=master)](https://github.com/BioJulia/XAM.jl/actions?query=workflow%3ADocumentation+branch%3Amaster)
[![codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/BioJulia/XAM.jl/branch/master/graph/badge.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/BioJulia/XAM.jl)
## Contributing
We appreciate [contributions](https://github.com/BioJulia/XAM.jl/graphs/contributors) from users including reporting bugs, fixing issues, improving performance and adding new features.
Take a look at the [contributing files](https://github.com/BioJulia/Contributing) detailed contributor and maintainer guidelines, and code of conduct.
### Financial contributions
We also welcome financial contributions in full transparency on our [open collective](https://opencollective.com/biojulia).
Anyone can file an expense.
If the expense makes sense for the development the core contributors and the person who filed the expense will be reimbursed.
## Backers & Sponsors
Thank you to all our backers and sponsors!
Love our work and community? [Become a backer](https://opencollective.com/biojulia#backer).
[![backers](https://opencollective.com/biojulia/backers.svg?width=890)](https://opencollective.com/biojulia#backers)
Does your company use BioJulia?
Help keep BioJulia feature rich and healthy by [sponsoring the project](https://opencollective.com/biojulia#sponsor).
Your logo will show up here with a link to your website.
[![](https://opencollective.com/biojulia/sponsor/0/avatar.svg)](https://opencollective.com/biojulia/sponsor/0/website)
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## Questions?
If you have a question about contributing or using BioJulia software, come on over and chat to us on [Gitter](https://gitter.im/BioJulia/General), or you can try the [Bio category of the Julia discourse site](https://discourse.julialang.org/c/domain/bio).

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[deps]
Documenter = "e30172f5-a6a5-5a46-863b-614d45cd2de4"
Pkg = "44cfe95a-1eb2-52ea-b672-e2afdf69b78f"
[compat]
Documenter = "0.24"

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using Pkg
using Documenter, XAM
makedocs(
format = Documenter.HTML(
edit_link = "develop"
),
modules = [XAM, XAM.SAM, XAM.BAM],
sitename = "XAM.jl",
pages = [
"Home" => "index.md",
"SAM and BAM" => "man/hts-files.md",
"API Reference" => "man/api.md"
],
authors = replace(join(Pkg.TOML.parsefile("Project.toml")["authors"], ", "), r" <.*?>" => "" ) * ", The BioJulia Organisation, and other contributors."
)
deploydocs(
repo = "github.com/BioJulia/XAM.jl.git",
devbranch = "develop",
push_preview = true
)

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# XAM.jl
[![Project Status: WIP Initial development is in progress, but there has not yet been a stable, usable release suitable for the public.](https://www.repostatus.org/badges/latest/wip.svg)](https://www.repostatus.org/#wip)
[![Latest Release](https://img.shields.io/github/release/BioJulia/XAM.jl.svg)](https://github.com/BioJulia/XAM.jl/releases/latest)
[![MIT license](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-green.svg)](https://github.com/BioJulia/XAM.jl/blob/master/LICENSE)
[![Stable documentation](https://img.shields.io/badge/docs-stable-blue.svg)](https://biojulia.github.io/XAM.jl/stable)
[![Latest documentation](https://img.shields.io/badge/docs-dev-blue.svg)](https://biojulia.github.io/XAM.jl/dev/)
[![Join the chat at https://gitter.im/BioJulia/XAM.jl](https://badges.gitter.im/BioJulia/XAM.jl.svg)](https://gitter.im/BioJulia/XAM.jl)
> This project follows the [semver](http://semver.org) pro forma and uses the [git-flow branching model](https://nvie.com/posts/a-successful-git-branching-model/).
## Description
XAM provides I/O and utilities for manipulating SAM and BAM formatted alignment map files.
## Installation
The latest version of XAM is made available to install through BioJulia's package registry.
By default, Julia's package manager only includes the "General" package registry.
To add the BioJulia registry from the [Julia REPL](https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1/manual/getting-started/), press `]` to enter [pkg mode](https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1/stdlib/Pkg/), then enter the following command:
```julia
registry add https://github.com/BioJulia/BioJuliaRegistry.git
```
Once the registry is added to your configuration, you can install XAM while in [pkg mode](https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1/stdlib/Pkg/) with the following:
```julia
add XAM
```
If you are interested in the cutting edge of the development, please check out the [develop branch](https://github.com/BioJulia/XAM.jl/tree/develop) to try new features before release.
## Testing
XAM is tested against Julia `1.X` on Linux, OS X, and Windows.
**Latest build status:**
[![Unit tests](https://github.com/BioJulia/XAM.jl/workflows/Unit%20tests/badge.svg?branch=master)](https://github.com/BioJulia/XAM.jl/actions?query=workflow%3A%22Unit+tests%22+branch%3Amaster)
[![Documentation](https://github.com/BioJulia/XAM.jl/workflows/Documentation/badge.svg?branch=master)](https://github.com/BioJulia/XAM.jl/actions?query=workflow%3ADocumentation+branch%3Amaster)
[![codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/BioJulia/XAM.jl/branch/master/graph/badge.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/BioJulia/XAM.jl)
## Contributing
We appreciate [contributions](https://github.com/BioJulia/XAM.jl/graphs/contributors) from users including reporting bugs, fixing issues, improving performance and adding new features.
Take a look at the [contributing files](https://github.com/BioJulia/Contributing) detailed contributor and maintainer guidelines, and code of conduct.
### Financial contributions
We also welcome financial contributions in full transparency on our [open collective](https://opencollective.com/biojulia).
Anyone can file an expense.
If the expense makes sense for the development the core contributors and the person who filed the expense will be reimbursed.
## Backers & Sponsors
Thank you to all our backers and sponsors!
Love our work and community? [Become a backer](https://opencollective.com/biojulia#backer).
[![backers](https://opencollective.com/biojulia/backers.svg?width=890)](https://opencollective.com/biojulia#backers)
Does your company use BioJulia?
Help keep BioJulia feature rich and healthy by [sponsoring the project](https://opencollective.com/biojulia#sponsor).
Your logo will show up here with a link to your website.
[![](https://opencollective.com/biojulia/sponsor/0/avatar.svg)](https://opencollective.com/biojulia/sponsor/0/website)
[![](https://opencollective.com/biojulia/sponsor/1/avatar.svg)](https://opencollective.com/biojulia/sponsor/1/website)
[![](https://opencollective.com/biojulia/sponsor/2/avatar.svg)](https://opencollective.com/biojulia/sponsor/2/website)
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## Questions?
If you have a question about contributing or using BioJulia software, come on over and chat to us on [Gitter](https://gitter.im/BioJulia/General), or you can try the [Bio category of the Julia discourse site](https://discourse.julialang.org/c/domain/bio).

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```@meta
CurrentModule = XAM
DocTestSetup = quote
using XAM
end
```
# API Reference
## SAM API
### Public
```@autodocs
Modules = [XAM.SAM]
private = false
```
### Internal
```@autodocs
Modules = [XAM.SAM]
public = false
```
## BAM API
### Public
```@autodocs
Modules = [XAM.BAM]
private = false
```
### Internal
```@autodocs
Modules = [XAM.BAM]
public = false
```

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# SAM and BAM
## Introduction
High-throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies generate a large amount of data in the form of a large number of nucleotide sequencing reads.
One of the most common tasks in bioinformatics is to align these reads against known reference genomes, chromosomes, or contigs.
BioAlignments provides several data formats commonly used for this kind of task.
The `XAM` package offers high-performance tools for SAM and BAM file formats, which are the most popular file formats.
BioAlignments offers high-performance tools for SAM and BAM file formats, which are the most popular file formats.
If you have questions about the SAM and BAM formats or any of the terminology used when discussing these formats, see the published [specification][samtools-spec], which is maintained by the [samtools group][samtools].
If you have questions about the SAM and BAM formats or any of the terminology used when discussing these formats, see the published [specification](https://samtools.github.io/hts-specs/SAMv1.pdf), which is maintained by the [samtools group](https://samtools.github.io/).
A very very simple SAM file looks like the following:
@ -28,7 +23,7 @@ Where the first two lines are part of the "header", and the following lines are
Each record describes how a read aligns to some reference sequence.
Sometimes one record describes one read, but there are other cases like chimeric reads and split alignments, where multiple records apply to one read.
In the example above, `r003` is a chimeric read, and `r004` is a split alignment, and `r001` are mate pair reads.
Again, we refer you to the official [specification][samtools-spec] for more details.
Again, we refer you to the official [specification](https://samtools.github.io/hts-specs/SAMv1.pdf) for more details.
A BAM file stores this same information but in a binary and compressible format that does not make for pretty printing here!
@ -37,7 +32,7 @@ A BAM file stores this same information but in a binary and compressible format
A typical script iterating over all records in a file looks like below:
```julia
using BioAlignments
using XAM
# Open a BAM file.
reader = open(BAM.Reader, "data.bam")
@ -72,7 +67,7 @@ end
Both `SAM.Reader` and `BAM.Reader` implement the `header` function, which returns a `SAM.Header` object.
To extract certain information out of the headers, you can use the `find` method on the header to extract information according to SAM/BAM tag.
Again we refer you to the [specification][samtools-spec] for full details of all the different tags that can occur in headers, and what they mean.
Again we refer you to the [specification](https://samtools.github.io/hts-specs/SAMv1.pdf) for full details of all the different tags that can occur in headers, and what they mean.
Below is an example of extracting all the info about the reference sequences from the BAM header.
In SAM/BAM, any description of a reference sequence is stored in the header, under a tag denoted `SQ` (think `reference SeQuence`!).
@ -110,7 +105,8 @@ In the above we can see there were 7 sequences in the reference: 5 chromosomes,
## SAM and BAM Records
BioAlignments supports the following accessors for `SAM.Record` types.
### SAM.Record
The `XAM` package supports the following accessors for `SAM.Record` types.
```@docs
XAM.SAM.flag
@ -134,7 +130,8 @@ XAM.SAM.quality
XAM.SAM.auxdata
```
BioAlignments supports the following accessors for `BAM.Record` types.
### BAM.Record
The `XAM` package supports the following accessors for `BAM.Record` types.
```@docs
XAM.BAM.flag
@ -178,7 +175,7 @@ Tagged auxiliary data follows a format of `TAG:TYPE:VALUE`.
| 'H' | Byte array in Hex format |
| 'B' | Integer of numeric array |
For more information about these tags and their types we refer you to the [SAM/BAM specification][samtools-spec] and the additional [optional fields specification][samtags] document.
For more information about these tags and their types we refer you to the [SAM/BAM specification](https://samtools.github.io/hts-specs/SAMv1.pdf) and the additional [optional fields specification](https://samtools.github.io/hts-specs/SAMtags.pdf) document.
There are some tags that are reserved, predefined standard tags, for specific uses.
@ -200,8 +197,8 @@ end
## Getting records in a range
BioAlignments supports the BAI index to fetch records in a specific range from a BAM file.
[Samtools][samtools] provides `index` subcommand to create an index file (.bai) from a sorted BAM file.
The `XAM` package supports the BAI index to fetch records in a specific range from a BAM file.
[Samtools](https://samtools.github.io/) provides `index` subcommand to create an index file (.bai) from a sorted BAM file.
```console
$ samtools index -b SRR1238088.sort.bam
@ -209,7 +206,7 @@ $ ls SRR1238088.sort.bam*
SRR1238088.sort.bam SRR1238088.sort.bam.bai
```
`eachoverlap(reader, chrom, range)` returns an iterator of BAM records overlapping the query interval:
The method `eachoverlap(reader, chrom, range)` returns an iterator of BAM records overlapping the query interval:
```julia
reader = open(BAM.Reader, "SRR1238088.sort.bam", index="SRR1238088.sort.bam.bai")
@ -222,14 +219,14 @@ close(reader)
## Getting records overlapping genomic features
`eachoverlap` also accepts the `Interval` type defined in [GenomicFeatures.jl][genomicfeatures].
The `eachoverlap` method also accepts the `Interval` type defined in [GenomicFeatures.jl](https://github.com/BioJulia/GenomicFeatures.jl).
This allows you to do things like first read in the genomic features from a GFF3 file, and then for each feature, iterate over all the BAM records that overlap with that feature.
```julia
# Load GFF3 module.
using GenomicFeatures
using BioAlignments
using GFF3
using XAM
# Load genomic features from a GFF3 file.
features = open(collect, GFF3.Reader, "TAIR10_GFF3_genes.gff")
@ -289,7 +286,7 @@ SAM.Writer(IOStream(<file my-data.sam>))
```
To make a BAM Writer is slightly different, as you need to use a specific stream type from the [BGZFStreams][bgzfstreams] package:
To make a BAM Writer is slightly different, as you need to use a specific stream type from the (https://github.com/BioJulia/BGZFStreams.jl)[https://github.com/BioJulia/BGZFStreams.jl] package:
```julia
julia> using BGZFStreams
@ -305,9 +302,3 @@ Once you have a BAM or SAM writer, you can use the `write` method to write `BAM.
julia> write(bamw, rec) # Here rec is a `BAM.Record`
330780
```
[samtools]: https://samtools.github.io/
[samtools-spec]: https://samtools.github.io/hts-specs/SAMv1.pdf
[samtags]: https://samtools.github.io/hts-specs/SAMtags.pdf
[bgzfstreams]: https://github.com/BioJulia/BGZFStreams.jl
[genomicfeatures]: https://github.com/BioJulia/GenomicFeatures.jl