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    <title>Diffusion on MillironX</title>
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    <description>Recent content in Diffusion on MillironX</description>
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      <title>Investigation of Hydronium Diffusion in Poly(vinyl alcohol) Hydrogels: A Critical First Step to Describe Acid Transport for Encapsulated Bioremediation</title>
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      <pubDate>Fri, 02 Sep 2022 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
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      <description>&lt;p&gt;Bioremediation of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifers can be&#xA;hindered by high contaminant concentrations and acids generated during&#xA;remediation. Encapsulating microbes in hydrogels may provide a protective,&#xA;tunable environment from inhibiting compounds; however, current approaches to&#xA;formulate successful encapsulated systems rely on trial and error rather than&#xA;engineering approaches because fundamental information on mass-transfer&#xA;coefficients is lacking. To address this knowledge gap, hydronium ion&#xA;mass-transfer rates through two commonly used hydrogel materials, poly(vinyl&#xA;alcohol) and alginic acid, under two solidification methods (chemical and&#xA;cryogenic) were measured. Variations in hydrogel crosslinking conditions,&#xA;polymer composition, and solvent ionic strength were investigated to understand&#xA;how each influenced hydronium ion diffusivity. A three-way ANOVA indicated that&#xA;the ionic strength, membrane type, and crosslinking method significantly (&lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &amp;lt;&#xA;0.001) contributed to changes in hydronium ion mass transfer. Hydronium ion&#xA;diffusion increased with ionic strength, counter to what is observed in&#xA;aqueous-only (no polymer) solutions. Co-occurring mechanisms correlated to&#xA;increased hydronium ion diffusion with ionic strength included an increased&#xA;water fraction within hydrogel matrices and hydrogel contraction. Measured&#xA;diffusion rates determined in this study provide first principal design&#xA;information to further optimize encapsulating hydrogels for bioremediation.&lt;/p&gt;</description>
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