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    <title>Poster on MillironX</title>
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    <description>Recent content in Poster on MillironX</description>
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      <title>Genetic analysis of bovine papillomas</title>
      <link>http://localhost:1313/academia/bpv-genetics/</link>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <guid>http://localhost:1313/academia/bpv-genetics/</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) is a major cause of reproductive failure in cattle.&#xA;In bulls, penile papillomas caused by BPV may cause reluctance to breed, and is&#xA;always a cause to fail an animal on a breeding soundness exam. Historically, it&#xA;has been thought that BPV was transmitted via direct contact and could be&#xA;controlled by managing clinically presenting animals in the herd, but more&#xA;recent evidence suggests alternative modes of transmission. BPV has been found&#xA;repeatably in clinically healthy animals, and in non-cutaneous secretions&#xA;including milk, blood, urine and semen. Currently, no commercially available BPV&#xA;vaccine uses isolated viral particles and naturally occurring virus does not&#xA;produce cross-protective immunity. In order to develop a proper vaccine for&#xA;penile papillomas further studies are required to understand the epidemiology of&#xA;BPV in herds. While vulvar, cutaneous, and mammary papillomas have been&#xA;genotyped in recent years, this information is not available for penile&#xA;papillomas. In this study there were 31 submissions, collected from 7 states,&#xA;NE, KS, NY, TX, AL, MO and SD (14 different cattle operations) Samples were&#xA;collected between August of 2022 and April 2024. Twenty-two submissions were&#xA;penile papillomas and with pooling of samples represented over 50 penile&#xA;papillomas. Samples were metagenomically sequenced at the Kansas State&#xA;Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, and the genotype of each sample was determined using&#xA;the phylogenetic analysis. The clade of each sample was determined by aligning&#xA;consensus sequences of the L1 gene (used for both for phylogeny and as a vaccine&#xA;target) using MAFFT and a maximum-likelihood phylogeny generated in Mega X.&#xA;Analysis found that all penile papilloma submissions were composed of BPV type&#xA;2, with one sample showing co-infection with BPV type 1. Conversely, cutaneous&#xA;and teat papillomas had BPV genotypes that were more variable with genotypes of&#xA;1,2,7,12,14,29 and 40. These results indicate that BPV type 2 and type 1 provide&#xA;a unified target for bovine penile papilloma vaccine development.&lt;/p&gt;</description>
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      <title>Metagenomic analysis of rumen populations in week-old calves as altered by maternal late gestational nutrition and mode of delivery</title>
      <link>http://localhost:1313/academia/metagenomics/</link>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Jun 2019 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <guid>http://localhost:1313/academia/metagenomics/</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;Early colonization of the rumen microbiome is critical to host health and long&#xA;term performance. Factors that influence early colonization include maternal&#xA;factors such as gestational nutrition and mode of delivery. Therefore, we&#xA;hypothesized that late gestational nutrition and mode of delivery would&#xA;influence the calf rumen microbiome. Our objectives were to determine if&#xA;nutrient restriction during late gestation alters the calf rumen microbiome and&#xA;determine if ruminal microbiome composition differs in calves born vaginally&#xA;versus caesarean. Late gestating Angus cows were randomly allocated to one of&#xA;three treatment groups: control (&lt;strong&gt;CON&lt;/strong&gt;; n = 6), caesarean section (&lt;strong&gt;CS&lt;/strong&gt;; n =&#xA;4), and nutrient restricted (&lt;strong&gt;NR&lt;/strong&gt;; n = 5), where CON were fed DDGS and hay to&#xA;meet NRC requirements and calved naturally; CS were fed similarly to CON and&#xA;calves were born via caesarean section; and NR were fed at a level to reduce BCS&#xA;by 1.5-2.0 points over the last trimester compared to CON and calved naturally.&#xA;Rumen fluid was collected via oral lavage prior to partition from cows and at d&#xA;7 from calves. Microbial DNA was isolated from the rumen fluid and metagenomic&#xA;shotgun sequencing was performed using the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform.&#xA;Sequence data were analyzed using Metaxa2 for taxonomic assignment followed by&#xA;QIIME1 and QIIME2 to determine differential abundance and alpha- and&#xA;beta-diversity differences. There were no significant differences in&#xA;alpha-diversity as measured by shannon index across treatment groups for cows&#xA;(&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; = 0.239), but there were significant differences for calves (&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; = 0.015).&#xA;Similarly, there were no significant differences in beta-diversity as measured&#xA;by the bray-curtis dissimilarity matrix for cows (&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; = 0.059), but there were&#xA;significant differences for calves (&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; = 0.007). Alpha-diversity differed (&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt;&#xA;&amp;lt; 0.001) between cows and calves, with cows having increased species richness&#xA;compared to calves. Beta-diversity also differed (&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; = 0.001) between cows and&#xA;calves. At total of 410 taxa were differentially abundant (&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; &amp;lt; 0.01) between&#xA;cows and calves. These results suggest that the mature rumen microbiome of cows&#xA;is able to withstand changes in feed intake, however the calf microbiome is&#xA;susceptible to alteration by maternal factors. These data also suggest that&#xA;there may be opportunities to develop management strategies during late&#xA;gestation that influence calf health and performance long-term.&lt;/p&gt;</description>
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      <title>Measuring Diffusion of Trichlorethylene Breakdown Products in Polyvinylalginate</title>
      <link>http://localhost:1313/academia/pva-aiche/</link>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Oct 2018 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <guid>http://localhost:1313/academia/pva-aiche/</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;Trichloroethylene (TCE), a toxic and carcinogenic contaminant, presents unique&#xA;challenges for cleanup because of its water solubility, density, and volatility.&#xA;Bioremediation of TCE is a promising cleanup method; however, metabolism of TCE&#xA;results in acid generation that inhibits remediating microorganisms. Calcium&#xA;alginate(CA)-polyvinylalcohol (PVA) hydrogels show promise for protecting&#xA;remediating microbes, however diffusion of TCE or its byproducts through these&#xA;polymers is unknown. To measure the effective diffusion coefficient of TCE and&#xA;byproducts through hydrogel membranes, we used a modified diaphragm cell.&#xA;Measured effective diffusion coefficient of each species was (cm &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&#xA;/s&#xA;× 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;&#xA;): 14.0 ± 1.91 for H&lt;sup&gt;&amp;#43;&lt;/sup&gt;&#xA; ions, 12.4 ± 1.64 for TCE,&#xA;7.83 ± 0.54 for cis-1,2-dichloroethylene (DCE), and 4.68 ± 4.14 for vinyl&#xA;chloride. These results aid in engineering biobeads and suggest that CA-PVA&#xA;hydrogel blends are effective in slowing diffusion of protons, buffering acids&#xA;produced by trichloroethylene metabolism, and remains suitable for encapsulation&#xA;of microorganisms involved in bioremediation.&lt;/p&gt;</description>
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      <title>Measuring diffusion of protons in polyvinyalginate</title>
      <link>http://localhost:1313/academia/pva-inbre/</link>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Jul 2018 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
      <guid>http://localhost:1313/academia/pva-inbre/</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a toxic and carcinogenic contaminant that presents&#xA;unique challenges for cleanup because of its density and volatility. Use of&#xA;microorganisms may be a promising remediation method, however metabolism of TCE&#xA;results in acid buildup, which consequently impedes the ability of&#xA;microorganisms to perform this remediation. Polyvinylalginate (PVA) shows&#xA;promise as a useful shield for microorganisms carrying out bioremediation of TCE&#xA;by surrounding them in a protective biofilm-like layer, however, key information&#xA;is missing which relates diffusion of TCE or its metabolic products through PVA.&#xA;To measure the effective diffusion coefficient of H&lt;sup&gt;&amp;#43;&lt;/sup&gt;&#xA; ions through&#xA;a PVA membrane cross-linked with boric acid and calcium ions, we used a modified&#xA;diaphragm cell. We found the effective diffusion coefficient to be 1.40 ×&#xA;10&lt;sup&gt;-5&lt;/sup&gt;&#xA; ± 1.91 × 10&lt;sup&gt;-6&lt;/sup&gt;&#xA; cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&#xA;s, a nearly&#xA;seven-fold decrease in diffusivity compared to protons in water, with an&#xA;unexpected significant but as of yet unquantified adsorption capacity. These&#xA;results suggest that polyvinylalginate is effective in slowing diffusion of&#xA;protons and buffering these acids produced by trichloroethylene metabolism, and&#xA;remains suitable for encapsulation of microorganisms involved in bioremediation.&lt;/p&gt;</description>
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