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      <title>Genetic analysis of bovine papillomas</title>
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      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
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      <description>&lt;p&gt;Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) is a major cause of reproductive failure in cattle.&#xA;In bulls, penile papillomas caused by BPV may cause reluctance to breed, and is&#xA;always a cause to fail an animal on a breeding soundness exam. Historically, it&#xA;has been thought that BPV was transmitted via direct contact and could be&#xA;controlled by managing clinically presenting animals in the herd, but more&#xA;recent evidence suggests alternative modes of transmission. BPV has been found&#xA;repeatably in clinically healthy animals, and in non-cutaneous secretions&#xA;including milk, blood, urine and semen. Currently, no commercially available BPV&#xA;vaccine uses isolated viral particles and naturally occurring virus does not&#xA;produce cross-protective immunity. In order to develop a proper vaccine for&#xA;penile papillomas further studies are required to understand the epidemiology of&#xA;BPV in herds. While vulvar, cutaneous, and mammary papillomas have been&#xA;genotyped in recent years, this information is not available for penile&#xA;papillomas. In this study there were 31 submissions, collected from 7 states,&#xA;NE, KS, NY, TX, AL, MO and SD (14 different cattle operations) Samples were&#xA;collected between August of 2022 and April 2024. Twenty-two submissions were&#xA;penile papillomas and with pooling of samples represented over 50 penile&#xA;papillomas. Samples were metagenomically sequenced at the Kansas State&#xA;Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, and the genotype of each sample was determined using&#xA;the phylogenetic analysis. The clade of each sample was determined by aligning&#xA;consensus sequences of the L1 gene (used for both for phylogeny and as a vaccine&#xA;target) using MAFFT and a maximum-likelihood phylogeny generated in Mega X.&#xA;Analysis found that all penile papilloma submissions were composed of BPV type&#xA;2, with one sample showing co-infection with BPV type 1. Conversely, cutaneous&#xA;and teat papillomas had BPV genotypes that were more variable with genotypes of&#xA;1,2,7,12,14,29 and 40. These results indicate that BPV type 2 and type 1 provide&#xA;a unified target for bovine penile papilloma vaccine development.&lt;/p&gt;</description>
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      <title>Got Warts? Bovine Papillomavirus Pathogenesis, Transmission, and Vaccination</title>
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      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
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